Variables & constants (let/var), data types, type inference, arithmetic, comparison & logical operators, range operators, and string interpolation.

What optionals are, optional binding with if let, guard let & early exit, force unwrapping & optional chaining, and the nil coalescing operator ??.

String basics & common methods, splitting & joining, advanced interpolation, formatting numbers, and string searching with regular expressions.

Arrays, Dictionaries, Sets, Tuples, powerful collection methods (map, filter, reduce, compactMap), and choosing the right collection type for the job.

if/else, switch statements, guard, for-in & while loops, function definitions & parameters, return types, closures, and higher-order functions.

Classes vs structs, initializers, inheritance, protocols, extensions, enumerations with associated values, and value vs reference semantics.

Mutating methods, memberwise initializers, copy-on-write behaviour, and why Swift prefers structs over classes in modern development.

Computed properties with get/set, property observers with willSet & didSet, and lazy properties for performance optimisation.

Understanding subscript syntax, how Swift's built-in collections use subscripts internally, and creating custom subscripts on your own types.

Understanding errors in Swift, throwing & catching with do-try-catch, try? and try!, and error handling patterns in real iOS app scenarios.

Main thread vs background thread, Grand Central Dispatch (GCD), modern async/await, completion handlers, and running tasks safely without blocking the UI.

Creating type aliases for readable code, type checking with the is operator, and safe typecasting with as, as?, and as!.

Protocol deep dive, default implementations, protocol composition, the delegation design pattern, and protocols vs closures for callbacks.

Why generics exist, writing generic functions, creating generic types with constraints, and understanding associated types in protocols.

How ARC works, strong vs weak vs unowned references, retain cycles & memory leaks, and detecting memory issues with Xcode's memory debugger.

Understanding all five access levels (private, fileprivate, internal, public, open), applying them correctly, and best practices for clean code architecture.

Downloading & installing Xcode, project structure, navigator panel, simulator, Interface Builder & SwiftUI previews, debugging with breakpoints, the debug console, and Instruments for performance profiling.

Create your first Xcode project from scratch, add SwiftUI views, preview your UI on different devices, and build a static chat interface showing messages and avatars.

Connecting your GitHub account in Xcode, enabling source control for your project, and pushing your code to a remote repository for version tracking and collaboration.

Downloading an existing project locally, making changes, and saving those changes back to the repository with commits and pushes.

In GitHub via Xcode, staging prepares changes for commit, unstaging removes them from commit, stashing temporarily saves work, and push/pull syncs your code with the remote repository.

In GitHub using Xcode, branching lets you work on separate features, merging combines changes, and conflict resolution fixes overlapping edits between branches.

Rebasing updates your branch with the latest changes for a cleaner history, and pull requests are used to review and merge your code into the main branch.

Branch rules enforce protections like required reviews and checks, while Code Owners automatically assign the right reviewers for specific parts of the codebase.

What is a data model, designing model structs, the Codable protocol for JSON, ObservableObject & @Published, and persisting data locally with UserDefaults.

NSManagedObject, NSPersistentContainer, fetch requests, predicates, sort descriptors, relationships, lightweight migrations, and Apple's modern SwiftData framework.

Learn about Custom View Modifiers, Button Styles and transitions etc.

Build the crypto currency app from scratch using the advance swiftui features.

Do-Catch, try & throws, Async & Await, Task Groups, Actors & Global Actors.

StoreKit 2 Products API, one-time and subscription purchase flows, receipt validation, refund handling, and Sandbox testing.

UX wireframing, user story mapping, SF Symbols design system, Figma prototyping, Apple Human Interface Guidelines, and data model planning.

Apple Developer Program, provisioning profiles, code signing, App Store Connect, screenshots & metadata, review process, and rejection recovery.

Firebase Crashlytics, App Store analytics, A/B testing, user review responses, semantic versioning, and planning future release cycles.